Odin Downloader

Odin Downloader is a product developed by Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. This tool assists in flashing or installing stock firmware on Samsung devices.

https://odindownloader.com/category/download

Careful of the options, some like NAND erase can brick your phone. source
this source walks you through how to use NAND erase (unsure if it works)

  • CSC (Consumer Software Customization): It is specific to geographical region and carriers. It contains the software packages specific to that region, carrier branding and APN setting.
  • PIT (Partition Information Table): You only need it if you screw up your partition table or if the firmware specifically requires it because of a change in the partition table layout.
  • BL (Bootloader): As its name implies, this option is used to flash the Bootloader of the device.
  • AP (Application Processor or PDA): Android.

  • CP (Core Processor): We call it Modem.

  • There’s a hack:
    If says invalid binary for AP .tar.md5,
    You can make force load it in Odin if you remove the md5 extension source (confirmed)
    But if Odin can’t verify the hash, the file is probably corrupt. (it was for me resulting in a broken OS)
    I re-downloaded the file (to another hard drive) and then it worked.